.. image:: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/raw/master/doc/source/images/ray_header_logo.png

.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/ray/badge/?version=latest :target: http://docs.ray.io/en/latest/?badge=latest

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Ray provides a simple, universal API for building distributed applications.

Ray is packaged with the following libraries for accelerating machine learning workloads:

• Tune_: Scalable Hyperparameter Tuning
• RLlib_: Scalable Reinforcement Learning
• RaySGD <https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/raysgd/raysgd.html>__: Distributed Training Wrappers
• Ray Serve_: Scalable and Programmable Serving

There are also many community integrations <https://docs.ray.io/en/master/ray-libraries.html>_ with Ray, including Dask, MARS, Modin, Horovod, Hugging Face, Scikit-learn, and others. Check out the full list of Ray distributed libraries here <https://docs.ray.io/en/master/ray-libraries.html>_.

Install Ray with: pip install ray. For nightly wheels, see the Installation page <https://docs.ray.io/en/master/installation.html>__.

.. _Modin: https://github.com/modin-project/modin .. _Hugging Face: https://huggingface.co/transformers/main_classes/trainer.html#transformers.Trainer.hyperparameter_search .. _MARS: https://docs.ray.io/en/master/mars-on-ray.html .. _Dask: https://docs.ray.io/en/master/dask-on-ray.html .. _Horovod: https://horovod.readthedocs.io/en/stable/ray_include.html .. _Scikit-learn: joblib.html

Quick Start

Execute Python functions in parallel.

.. code-block:: python

import ray
ray.init()

@ray.remote
def f(x):
    return x * x

futures = [f.remote(i) for i in range(4)]
print(ray.get(futures))

To use Ray's actor model:

.. code-block:: python

import ray
ray.init()

@ray.remote
class Counter(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 0

    def increment(self):
        self.n += 1

    def read(self):
        return self.n

counters = [Counter.remote() for i in range(4)]
[c.increment.remote() for c in counters]
futures = [c.read.remote() for c in counters]
print(ray.get(futures))

Ray programs can run on a single machine, and can also seamlessly scale to large clusters. To execute the above Ray script in the cloud, just download this configuration file <https://github.com/ray-project/ray/blob/master/python/ray/autoscaler/aws/example-full.yaml>__, and run:

ray submit [CLUSTER.YAML] example.py --start

Read more about launching clusters <https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/cluster/index.html>_.

Tune Quick Start

.. image:: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/raw/master/doc/source/images/tune-wide.png

Tune_ is a library for hyperparameter tuning at any scale.

• Launch a multi-node distributed hyperparameter sweep in less than 10 lines of code.
• Supports any deep learning framework, including PyTorch, PyTorch Lightning <https://github.com/williamFalcon/pytorch-lightning>_, TensorFlow, and Keras.
• Visualize results with TensorBoard <https://www.tensorflow.org/get_started/summaries_and_tensorboard>__.
• Choose among scalable SOTA algorithms such as Population Based Training (PBT), Vizier's Median Stopping Rule, HyperBand/ASHA_.
• Tune integrates with many optimization libraries such as Facebook Ax <http://ax.dev>, HyperOpt <https://github.com/hyperopt/hyperopt>, and Bayesian Optimization <https://github.com/fmfn/BayesianOptimization>_ and enables you to scale them transparently.

To run this example, you will need to install the following:

.. code-block:: bash

$ pip install "ray[tune]"

This example runs a parallel grid search to optimize an example objective function.

.. code-block:: python

from ray import tune


def objective(step, alpha, beta):
    return (0.1 + alpha * step / 100)**(-1) + beta * 0.1


def training_function(config):
    # Hyperparameters
    alpha, beta = config["alpha"], config["beta"]
    for step in range(10):
        # Iterative training function - can be any arbitrary training procedure.
        intermediate_score = objective(step, alpha, beta)
        # Feed the score back back to Tune.
        tune.report(mean_loss=intermediate_score)


analysis = tune.run(
    training_function,
    config={
        "alpha": tune.grid_search([0.001, 0.01, 0.1]),
        "beta": tune.choice([1, 2, 3])
    })

print("Best config: ", analysis.get_best_config(metric="mean_loss"))

# Get a dataframe for analyzing trial results.
df = analysis.results_df

If TensorBoard is installed, automatically visualize all trial results:

.. code-block:: bash

tensorboard --logdir ~/ray_results

.. _Tune: https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/tune.html .. _Population Based Training (PBT): https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/tune-schedulers.html#population-based-training-pbt .. _Vizier's Median Stopping Rule: https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/tune-schedulers.html#median-stopping-rule .. _HyperBand/ASHA: https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/tune-schedulers.html#asynchronous-hyperband

RLlib Quick Start

.. image:: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/raw/master/doc/source/images/rllib-wide.jpg

RLlib_ is an open-source library for reinforcement learning built on top of Ray that offers both high scalability and a unified API for a variety of applications.

.. code-block:: bash

pip install tensorflow # or tensorflow-gpu pip install "ray[rllib]" # also recommended: ray[debug]

.. code-block:: python

import gym
from gym.spaces import Discrete, Box
from ray import tune

class SimpleCorridor(gym.Env):
    def __init__(self, config):
        self.end_pos = config["corridor_length"]
        self.cur_pos = 0
        self.action_space = Discrete(2)
        self.observation_space = Box(0.0, self.end_pos, shape=(1, ))

    def reset(self):
        self.cur_pos = 0
        return [self.cur_pos]

    def step(self, action):
        if action == 0 and self.cur_pos > 0:
            self.cur_pos -= 1
        elif action == 1:
            self.cur_pos += 1
        done = self.cur_pos >= self.end_pos
        return [self.cur_pos], 1 if done else 0, done, {}

tune.run(
    "PPO",
    config={
        "env": SimpleCorridor,
        "num_workers": 4,
        "env_config": {"corridor_length": 5}})

.. _RLlib: https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/rllib.html

Ray Serve Quick Start

.. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ray-project/ray/master/doc/source/serve/logo.svg :width: 400

Ray Serve_ is a scalable model-serving library built on Ray. It is:

• Framework Agnostic: Use the same toolkit to serve everything from deep learning models built with frameworks like PyTorch or Tensorflow & Keras to Scikit-Learn models or arbitrary business logic.
• Python First: Configure your model serving with pure Python code - no more YAMLs or JSON configs.
• Performance Oriented: Turn on batching, pipelining, and GPU acceleration to increase the throughput of your model.
• Composition Native: Allow you to create "model pipelines" by composing multiple models together to drive a single prediction.
• Horizontally Scalable: Serve can linearly scale as you add more machines. Enable your ML-powered service to handle growing traffic.

To run this example, you will need to install the following:

.. code-block:: bash

$ pip install scikit-learn
$ pip install "ray[serve]"

This example runs serves a scikit-learn gradient boosting classifier.

.. code-block:: python

from ray import serve
import pickle
import requests
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingClassifier

# Train model
iris_dataset = load_iris()
model = GradientBoostingClassifier()
model.fit(iris_dataset["data"], iris_dataset["target"])

# Define Ray Serve model,
class BoostingModel:
    def __init__(self):
        self.model = model
        self.label_list = iris_dataset["target_names"].tolist()

    def __call__(self, flask_request):
        payload = flask_request.json["vector"]
        print("Worker: received flask request with data", payload)

        prediction = self.model.predict([payload])[0]
        human_name = self.label_list[prediction]
        return {"result": human_name}


# Deploy model
serve.init()
serve.create_backend("iris:v1", BoostingModel)
serve.create_endpoint("iris_classifier", backend="iris:v1", route="/iris")

# Query it!
sample_request_input = {"vector": [1.2, 1.0, 1.1, 0.9]}
response = requests.get("http://localhost:8000/iris", json=sample_request_input)
print(response.text)
# Result:
# {
#  "result": "versicolor"
# }

.. _Ray Serve: https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/serve/index.html

More Information

• Documentation_
• Tutorial_
• Blog_
• Ray 1.0 Architecture whitepaper_ (new)
• RLlib paper_
• Tune paper_

Older documents:

• Ray paper_
• Ray HotOS paper_
• Blog (old)_

.. _Documentation: http://docs.ray.io/en/latest/index.html .. _Tutorial: https://github.com/ray-project/tutorial .. _Blog (old): https://ray-project.github.io/ .. _Blog: https://medium.com/distributed-computing-with-ray .. _Ray 1.0 Architecture whitepaper: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lAy0Owi-vPz2jEqBSaHNQcy2IBSDEHyXNOQZlGuj93c/preview .. _Ray paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05889 .. _Ray HotOS paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.03924 .. _RLlib paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.09381 .. _Tune paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05118

Getting Involved

• Community Slack_: Join our Slack workspace.
• GitHub Discussions_: For discussions about development, questions about usage, and feature requests.
• GitHub Issues_: For reporting bugs.
• Twitter_: Follow updates on Twitter.
• Meetup Group_: Join our meetup group.
• StackOverflow_: For questions about how to use Ray.

.. _GitHub Discussions: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/discussions .. _GitHub Issues: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/issues .. _StackOverflow: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/ray .. _Meetup Group: https://www.meetup.com/Bay-Area-Ray-Meetup/ .. _Community Slack: https://forms.gle/9TSdDYUgxYs8SA9e8 .. _Twitter: https://twitter.com/raydistributed