spago

(IPA: /ˈspaɡo/)

PureScript package manager and build tool powered by Dhall and package-sets.

Installation

The recommended installation method for Windows, Linux and macOS is npm (see the latest releases on npm here):

npm install -g spago

Other installation methods available:

• Download the binary from the latest GitHub release
• Compile from source by cloning this repo and running make install
• With Nix, using easy-purescript-nix
• On FreeBSD, install with pkg install hs-spago
• On macOS, install with brew install spago

General notes:

• The assumption is that you already installed the PureScript compiler. If not, get it with npm install -g purescript, or the recommended method for your OS.
• You might have issues with npm and Docker (e.g. getting the message "Downloading the spago binary failed.." etc) You have two options:
  • either do not run npm as root, because it doesn't work well with binaries. Use it as a nonprivileged user.
  • or use --unsafe-perm: npm install -g --unsafe-perm spago

Super quick tutorial

Let's set up a new project!

$ mkdir purescript-unicorns
$ cd purescript-unicorns
$ spago init

This last command will create a bunch of files:

.
├── packages.dhall
├── spago.dhall
├── src
│   └── Main.purs
└── test
    └── Main.purs

Let's take a look at the two Dhall configuration files that spago requires:

• packages.dhall: this file is meant to contain the totality of the packages available to your project (that is, any package you might want to import).

  In practice it pulls in the official package-set as a base, and you are then able to add any package that might not be in the package set, or override existing ones.

• spago.dhall: this is your project configuration. It includes the above package set, the list of your dependencies, the source paths that will be used to build, and any other project-wide setting that spago will use.

To build your project, run:

$ spago build

This will download the necessary dependencies and compile the sample project in the output/ directory. You can take a look at the content of output/Main/index.js to see what kind of JavaScript has been generated from your new Main.purs file.

You can already see your project running, by doing

$ spago run

..which is basically equivalent to the following command:

$ node -e "import('./output/Main/index').then(m => m.main())"

..which imports the JS file you just looked at, and runs the main with Node.

You can also bundle the project in a single file with an entry point, so it can be run directly (useful for CLI apps):

$ spago bundle-app
$ node .

• Design goals and reasons
  • Brief survey of other package managers and build tools available
• Developing and contributing
• How do I...
  • Switch from psc-package
  • Switch from bower
  • See what commands and flags are supported
  • Setup a new project using a specific package set
  • Install a direct dependency
  • Download my dependencies locally
  • Build and run my project
  • Test my project
  • Run a repl
  • Run a standalone PureScript file as a script
  • List available packages
  • Install all the packages in the set
  • Override a package in the package set with a local one
  • Override a package in the package set with a remote one
  • Add a package to the package set
  • bower link
  • Verify that an addition/override doesn't break the package set
  • Upgrade the package set...
    • ...to the latest release automatically
    • ...to a specific release automatically
    • ...to a specific tag manually
  • Monorepo
  • devDependencies, testDependencies, or in general a situation with many configurations
  • Bundle a project into a single JS file
    • 1. spago bundle-app
    • 2. spago bundle-module
    • Skip the "build" step
  • Make a project with PureScript + JavaScript
    • Get started from scratch with Parcel (frontend projects)
    • Get started from scratch with Webpack (frontend projects)
    • Get started from scratch with Nodemon (backend and/or CLI projects)
  • Generate documentation for my project
  • Get source maps for my project
  • Use alternate backends to compile to Go, C++, Kotlin, etc
  • Publish my library
  • Get all the licenses of my dependencies
  • Know which purs commands are run under the hood
  • Install autocompletions for bash
  • Install autocompletions for zsh
  • Ignore or update the global cache
  • Know the output path for my compiled code
• Explanations
  • Visual Overview: What happens when you do 'spago build'?
  • Configuration file format
  • Why can't spago also install my npm dependencies?
  • Why we don't resolve JS dependencies when bundling, and how to do it
  • How does the "global cache" work?
• Troubleshooting
  • Spago is failing with some errors about "too many open files"
  • Package set caching problems
  • I added a new package to the packages.dhall, but spago is not installing it. Why?

Design goals and reasons

Our main design goals are:

• Great UX: you're not supposed to spend your life configuring the build for your project. A good build system just does what's most expected and gets out of the way so you can focus on actually writing the software.
• Minimal dependencies: users should not be expected to install a myriad of tools on their system to support various workflows. We depend only on git and purs being installed.
• Reproducible builds: thanks to package sets and Dhall, if your project builds today it will also build tomorrow and every day after that.

Some tools that inspired spago are: Rust's Cargo, Haskell's Stack, psc-package, pulp and purp.

Brief survey of other package managers and build tools available

pulp is excellent, but it is only a build tool. This means that you'll have to use it with either bower or psc-package:

• If you go for bower, you're missing out on package-sets (that is: packages versions that are known to be working together, saving you the headache of fitting package versions together all the time).

• If you use psc-package, you have the problem of not having the ability of overriding packages versions when needed, leading everyone to make their own package-set, which then goes unmaintained, etc.

  Of course you can use the package-set-local-setup to solve this issue, but this is exactly what we're doing here: integrating all the workflow in a single tool, spago, instead of having to install and use pulp, psc-package, purp, etc.

Developing and contributing

We'd love your help, and welcome PRs and contributions!

Some ideas for getting started:

• Build and run spago
• Help us fix bugs and build features
• Help us improve our documentation
• Help us log bugs and open issues

For more details see the CONTRIBUTING.md

How do I...

This section contains a collection of workflows you might want to use to get things done with spago

Switch from psc-package

Do you have an existing psc-package project and want to switch to spago?

No problem! If you run spago init, we'll port your existing psc-package.json configuration into a new spago.dhall 😎

Note: spago won't otherwise touch your psc-package.json file, so you'll have to remove it yourself.

You'll note that most of the psc-package commands are the same in spago, so porting your existing build is just a matter of search-and-replace most of the times.

Switch from bower

Switching from bower is about the same workflow: just run spago init and we'll try to match the package versions in your bower.json with the ones in the package set, porting the packages to your spago.dhall

Note: spago won't otherwise touch your bower.json file, so you'll have to remove it yourself.

Some packages might not be found or have the wrong version, in which case you'll have to carefully:

• try to run spago install some-package for packages in the set
• add the missing packages if not in the set

See what commands and flags are supported

For an overview of the available commands, run:

$ spago --help

You will see several subcommands (e.g. build, test); you can ask for help about them by invoking the command with --help, e.g.:

$ spago build --help

This will give a detailed view of the command, and list any command-specific (vs global) flags.

Setup a new project using a specific package set

Since spago init does not necessarily use the latest package set. Fortunately, you can specify which package set to use via the --tag argument. See the purescript/package-sets repo's releases for tags you can use:

$ spago init --tag "psc-0.13.8-20200822"

Install a direct dependency

You can add dependencies that are available in your package set by running:

# E.g. installing Halogen
$ spago install halogen

# This also supports multiple packages
$ spago install foreign simple-json

Download my dependencies locally

$ spago install

This will download all the transitive dependencies of your project (i.e. the direct dependencies, i.e. the ones listed in the dependencies key of spago.dhall, plus all their dependencies, recursively) to the local .spago folder (and the global cache, if possible).

However, running this directly is usually not necessary, as all commands that need the dependencies to be installed will run this for you.

Build and run my project

We can build the project and its dependencies by running:

$ spago build

This is mostly just a thin layer above the PureScript compiler command purs compile.

Note: by default the build command will try to install any dependencies that haven't been fetched yet - if you wish to disable this behaviour, you can pass the --no-install flag.

The build will produce very many JavaScript files in the output/ folder. These are CommonJS modules, and you can just require() them e.g. on Node.

It's also possible to include custom source paths when building (the ones declared in your sources config are always included):

$ spago build --path 'another_source/**/*.purs'

Note: the wrapper on the compiler is so thin that you can pass options to purs. E.g. if you wish to output your files in some other place than output/, you can run

$ spago build --purs-args "-o myOutput/"

If you wish to automatically have your project rebuilt when making changes to source files you can use the --watch flag:

$ spago build --watch

# or, to clear the screen on rebuild:
$ spago build --watch --clear-screen

# files ignored through git (i.e. via .gitignore) don't trigger
# rebuild by default. If you wish to override this behavior:
$ spago build --watch --allow-ignored

To run a command before a build you can use the --before flag, eg to post a notification that a build has started:

$ spago build --watch --before "notify-send 'Building'"

To run a command after the build, use --then for successful builds, or --else for unsuccessful builds:

$ spago build --watch --then "notify-send 'Built successfully'" --else "notify-send 'Build failed'"

Multiple commands are possible - they will be run in the order specified:

$ spago build --watch --before clear --before "notify-send 'Building'"

If you want to run the program (akin to pulp run), just use run:

# The main module defaults to "Main"
$ spago run

# Or define your own module path to Main
$ spago run --main ModulePath.To.Main

# And pass arguments through to `purs compile`
$ spago run --main ModulePath.To.Main --purs-args "--verbose-errors"

# Or pass arguments to the backend, in this case node
$ spago run --exec-args "arg1 arg2"

# For versions 18 and below, use `node-args` instead:
$ spago run --node-args "arg1 arg2"

Test my project

You can also test your project with spago:

# Test.Main is the default here, but you can override it as usual
$ spago test --main Test.Main
Build succeeded.
You should add some tests.
Tests succeeded.

Run a repl

You can start a repl with the following command:

$ spago repl

Run a standalone PureScript file as a script

You can run a standalone PureScript file as a script via spago script. Note: The module name must be Main, and it must export a function main :: Effect Unit.

By default, the following dependencies are installed: effect, console, prelude.

You can run a script via the following, optionally specifying a package set to use, and additional dependencies to pull from there:

$ spago script --tag psc-13.8 -d node-fs path/to/script.purs

List available packages

It is sometimes useful to know which packages are contained in our package set (e.g. to see which version we're using, or to search for packages).

You can get a complete list of the packages your packages.dhall imports (together with their versions and URLs) by running:

$ spago ls packages

By using the ls deps command instead you can restrict the list to direct or transitive dependencies:

# Direct dependencies, i.e. only the ones listed in spago.dhall
$ spago ls deps

# Transitive dependencies, i.e. all the dependencies of your dependencies
$ spago ls deps --transitive

Install all the packages in the set

There might be cases where you'd like your project to depend on all the packages that are contained in the package set (this is sometimes called "acme build").

You can accomplish this in pure Dhall in your spago.dhall

It might look something like this (example from here):

let packages = ./packages.dhall
let Package = { dependencies : List Text, repo : Text, version : Text }
let PackageAssoc = { mapKey : Text, mapValue : Package }
let getPackageName = \(v : PackageAssoc) -> v.mapKey
let List/map = https://prelude.dhall-lang.org/List/map
in
  { name = "acme"
  , dependencies =
        List/map PackageAssoc Text getPackageName (toMap packages)
  , packages = packages
  , sources = [ "src/**/*.purs" ]
  }

Override a package in the package set with a local one

Let's say I'm a user of the simple-json package. Now, let's say I stumble upon a bug in there, but thankfully I figure how to fix it. So I clone it locally and add my fix.

Now if I want to test this version in my current project, how can I tell spago to do it?

We have a overrides record in packages.dhall just for that!

In this case we override the package with its local copy, which must have a spago.dhall. (it should be enough to do spago init to have the Bower configuration imported)

It might look like this:

let upstream = -- <package set URL here>
in  upstream
  with simple-json = ../purescript-simple-json/spago.dhall as Location

Note that if we do spago ls packages, we'll see that it is now included as a local package:

$ spago ls packages
...
signal                v10.1.0   Remote "https://github.com/bodil/purescript-signal.git"
sijidou               v0.1.0    Remote "https://github.com/justinwoo/purescript-sijidou.git"
simple-json           local     Local "./../purescript-simple-json"
simple-json-generics  v0.1.0    Remote "https://github.com/justinwoo/purescript-simple-json-generics.git"
smolder               v11.0.1   Remote "https://github.com/bodil/purescript-smolder.git"
...

And since local packages are just included in the build, if we add it to the dependencies in spago.dhall and then do spago install, it will not be downloaded.

Override a package in the package set with a remote one

Let's now say that we test that our fix from above works, and we are ready to Pull Request the fix.

So we push our fork and open the PR, but while we wait for the fix to land on the next package sets release, we still want to use the fix in our production build.

In this case, we can just change the override to point to some commit of our fork, like this:

let upstream = -- <package set URL here>
in  upstream
  with simple-json.repo = "https://github.com/my-user/purescript-simple-json.git"
  with simple-json.version = "701f3e44aafb1a6459281714858fadf2c4c2a977"

Note: you can use a "branch", a "tag" or a "commit hash" as a version. Generally it's recommended that you avoid using branches, because if you push new commits to a branch, spago won't pick them up unless you delete the .spago folder.

Add a package to the package set

If a package is not in the upstream package set, you can add it in a similar way, by changing the additions record in the packages.dhall file.

E.g. if we want to add the facebook package:

let upstream = -- <package set URL here>
in  upstream
  with facebook =
    { dependencies =
        [ "console"
        , "aff"
        , "prelude"
        , "foreign"
        , "foreign-generic"
        , "errors"
        , "effect"
        ]
    , repo =
        "https://github.com/Unisay/purescript-facebook.git"
    , version =
        "v0.3.0"  -- branch, tag, or commit hash
    }

As you might expect, this works also in the case of adding local packages:

Example:

let upstream = -- <package set URL here>
in  upstream
  with foobar = ../foobar/spago.dhall as Location

bower link

See how to add local packages or override existing ones

Verify that an addition/override doesn't break the package set

"But wait", you might say, "how do I know that my override doesn't break the package set?"

This is a fair question, and you can verify that your fix didn't break the rest of the package-set by running the verify command.

E.g. if you patched the foreign package, and added it as a local package to your package-set, you can check that you didn't break its dependents (also called "reverse dependencies") by running:

$ spago verify foreign

Once you check that the packages you added verify correctly, we would of course very much love if you could pull request it to the Upstream package-set ❤️

If you decide so, you can read up on how to do it here.

Upgrade the package set...

The version of the package-set you depend on is fixed in the packages.dhall file (look for the upstream var).

You can upgrade to the latest version of the package-set with the upgrade-set command. It will download the package set and write the new url and hashes in the packages.dhall file for you.

Spago can update the package set to the latest release or to a specific release automagically. If you wish to use a specific commit, you will have to manually edit one part of your packages.dhall file. Each is covered below.

...to the latest release automatically

Running it would look something like this:

$ spago upgrade-set
[info] Updating package-set tag to "psc-0.13.8-20200822"
Fetching the new one and generating hashes.. (this might take some time)
[info] Generating new hashes for the package set file so it will be cached.. (this might take some time)

...to a specific release automatically

If the package set exists, running upgrade-set would look something like this:

$ spago upgrade-set --tag "psc-0.13.8-20200822"
[info] Updating package-set tag to "psc-0.13.8-20200822"
Fetching the new one and generating hashes.. (this might take some time)
[info] Generating new hashes for the package set file so it will be cached.. (this might take some time)

If the package set does not exist, your packages.dhall file will not be touched and you will see a warning:

spago upgrade-set --tag "whoops-i-made-a-big-typo"
[info] Updating package-set tag to "whoops-i-made-a-big-typo"
Fetching the new one and generating hashes.. (this might take some time)
[warn] Package-set tag "whoops-i-made-a-big-typo" in the repo "purescript/package-sets" does not exist.
Will ignore user-specified tag and continue using current tag: "psc-0.13.4-20191025"

...to a specific tag manually

If you wish to detach from tags for your package-set, you can of course point it to a specific commit. Just set your upstream to look something like this:

let upstream =
      https://raw.githubusercontent.com/purescript/package-sets/bd72269fec59950404a380a46e293bde34b4618f/src/packages.dhall

Monorepo

Spago aims to support "monorepos", allowing you to split a blob of code into different "compilation units" that might have different dependencies, deliverables, etc.

A typical monorepo setup in spago consists of:

• some "libraries" (i.e. packages that other packages will depend on), each having their own spago.dhall
• some "apps" (i.e. packages that no one depends on), each having their own spago.dhall
• a single packages.dhall , that includes all the "libraries" as local packages, and that all spago.dhall files refer to - this is so that all packages share the same package set.

So for example if you have lib1, lib2 and app1, you might have the following file tree:

.
├── app1
│   ├── spago.dhall
│   ├── src
│   │   └── Main.purs
│   └── test
│       └── Main.purs
├── lib1
│   ├── spago.dhall
│   └── src
│       └── Main.purs
├── lib2
│   ├── spago.dhall
│   └── src
│       └── Main.purs
└── packages.dhall

Then:

• the top level packages.dhall might look like this:

let upstream = https://github.com/purescript/package-sets/releases/download/psc-0.13.4-20191025/packages.dhall sha256:f9eb600e5c2a439c3ac9543b1f36590696342baedab2d54ae0aa03c9447ce7d4
in upstream
  with lib1 = ./lib1/spago.dhall as Location
  with lib2 = ./lib2/spago.dhall as Location

• lib1/spago.dhall might look something like this:

{ name =
    "lib1"
, dependencies =
    [ "effect"
    , "console"
    , "prelude"
    ]
, sources =
    [ "src/**/*.purs" ]
, packages =
    ../packages.dhall   -- Note: this refers to the top-level packages file
}

• assuming lib2 depends on lib1, lib2/spago.dhall might look something like this:

{ name =
    "lib2"
, dependencies =
    [ "effect"
    , "console"
    , "prelude"
    , "lib1"            -- Note the dependency here
    ]
, sources =
    [ "src/**/*.purs" ]
, packages =
    ../packages.dhall
}

• and then app1/spago.dhall might look something like this:

{ name =
    "app1"
, dependencies =
    -- Note: the app does not include all the dependencies that the lib included
    [ "prelude"
    , "simple-json" -- Note: this dep was not used by the library, only the app uses it
    , "lib2"        -- Note: we add `lib2` as dependency
    ]
, packages =
    -- We also refer to the top-level packages file here, so deps stay in sync for all packages
    ../packages.dhall
}

devDependencies, testDependencies, or in general a situation with many configurations

You might have a simpler situation than a monorepo, where e.g. you just want to "split" dependencies.

A common case is when you don't want to include your test dependencies in your app's dependencies.

E.g. if you want to add purescript-spec to your test dependencies you can have a test.dhall that looks like this:

let conf = ./spago.dhall

in conf // {
  sources = conf.sources # [ "test/**/*.purs" ],
  dependencies = conf.dependencies # [ "spec" ]
}

And then you can run tests like this:

$ spago -x test.dhall test

Bundle a project into a single JS file

For the cases when you wish to produce a single JS file from your PureScript project, there are basically two ways to do that:

1. spago bundle-app

This will produce a single, executable, dead-code-eliminated file:

>= v0.15.0

Since v0.15.0 spago uses esbuild as the underlying default bundler. See the esbuild getting started for installation instructions.

# You can specify the main module and the target file, or these defaults will be used. This will bundle for the browser by default.
$ spago bundle-app --main Main --to index.js
Bundle succeeded and output file to index.js

# If you want to minify the build, use 
$ spago bundle-app --main Main --to index.js --minify

# Or if you want to bundle for node
$ spago bundle-app --main Main --to index.js --platform node
Bundle succeeded and output file to index.js


# We can then run it with node:
$ node .

spago bundle-app uses the esbuild bundle format IIFE.

<= v0.14.0

# You can specify the main module and the target file, or these defaults will be used
$ spago bundle-app --main Main --to index.js
Bundle succeeded and output file to index.js

# We can then run it with node:
$ node .

2. spago bundle-module

If you wish to produce a single, dead-code-eliminated JS module that you can import from JavaScript:

>= v0.15.0

# You can specify the main module and the target file, or these defaults will be used
$ spago bundle-module --main Main --to index.js
Bundling first...
Bundle succeeded and output file to index.js
Make module succeeded and output file to index.js

$ node -e "import('./index.js').then(m => console.log(m.main))"                              
[Function]

<= v0.14.0

# You can specify the main module and the target file, or these defaults will be used
$ spago bundle-module --main Main --to index.js
Bundling first...
Bundle succeeded and output file to index.js
Make module succeeded and output file to index.js

$ node -e "console.log(require('./index').main)"
[Function]

Skip the "build" step

When running spago bundle-app and spago bundle-module, Spago will first try to build your project, since bundling requires the project to be compiled first.

If you already compiled your project and want to skip this step you can pass the --no-build flag.

Make a project with PureScript + JavaScript

Take a look at TodoMVC with react-basic + spago + parcel for a working example, or follow one of the next "get started" sections:

Get started from scratch with Parcel (frontend projects)

To start a project using Spago and Parcel together, here's the commands and file setup you'll need:

1. Follow Spago's "Super quick tutorial"
2. Initialise a JavaScript/npm project with npm init
3. Install Parcel as a development-time dependency npm i parcel --save-dev
4. Add a JavaScript file which imports and calls the main function from the output of src/Main.purs. This can be placed in the root directory for your project. Traditionally this file is named index.js. The main function from Main.purs can accept arguments, this is useful since Parcel will replace environment variables inside of JavaScript. It is recommended to read any environment variables in the JavaScript file and pass them as arguments to main. Here is an example JavaScript file:

>= v0.15.0

import * as Main from './output/Main/index';

function main () {
    /*
    Here we could add variables such as

    var baseUrl = process.env.BASE_URL;

    Parcel will replace `process.env.BASE_URL`
    with the string contents of the BASE_URL environment
    variable at bundle/build time.
    A .env file can also be used to override shell variables
    for more information, see https://en.parceljs.org/env.html

    These variables can be supplied to the Main.main function.
    However, you will need to change the type to accept variables, by default it is an Effect.
    You will probably want to make it a function from String -> Effect ()
  */

  Main.main();
}

// HMR setup. For more info see: https://parceljs.org/hmr.html
if (module.hot) {
  module.hot.accept(function () {
    console.log('Reloaded, running main again');
    main();
  });
}

console.log('Starting app');

main();

<= v0.14.0

var Main = require('./output/Main');

function main () {
    /*
    Here we could add variables such as

    var baseUrl = process.env.BASE_URL;

    Parcel will replace `process.env.BASE_URL`
    with the string contents of the BASE_URL environment
    variable at bundle/build time.
    A .env file can also be used to override shell variables
    for more information, see https://en.parceljs.org/env.html

    These variables can be supplied to the Main.main function.
    However, you will need to change the type to accept variables, by default it is an Effect.
    You will probably want to make it a function from String -> Effect ()
  */

  Main.main();
}

// HMR setup. For more info see: https://parceljs.org/hmr.html
if (module.hot) {
  module.hot.accept(function () {
    console.log('Reloaded, running main again');
    main();
  });
}

console.log('Starting app');

main();

5. Add an HTML file which sources your JavaScript file. This can be named index.html and placed in the root directory of your project. Here is an example HTML file:

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" data-framework="purescript">
<head>
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head>

<body>
  <div id="app"></div>
  <script src="./index.js" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>

6. Add a development script to package.json which will hot-reload the JavaScript generated by the compiler using Parcel. Here, we'll call this script dev:

...
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "parcel index.html",
  },
...

But in order for this script to pick up the changes we make to our PureScript files, we should have something that hot-recompiles our code.

If you're using an editor integration then purs ide will take care of this recompilation transparently as you save the files. If not, you can run spago build --watch in another terminal to achieve the same result.

NPM scripts allow project dependencies to be treated as if they are on your $PATH. When you run it with npm run dev, Parcel will tell you which port your application is being served on, by default this will be localhost:1234.

If you've followed this guide you can navigate there in a browser and open the JavaScript console, you will see the output of both index.js and the compiled Main.purs file. When you modify any purescript file in ./src, you should see Spago and Parcel rebuild your application, and the browser should execute the new code. For some applications you may adjust the JavaScript function that handles hot modules to fully reload the page with window.location.reload();.

7. At this point we should be able to test our program by running npm run dev. When you navigate a browser to localhost:1234, you should see '🍝' as output in the JavaScript console if this was performed successfully!

8. When you are ready to build and deploy your application as static html/js/css, you may add a build script to package.json in order to produce a final bundle. This script is usually something like spago build && parcel build index.html.

Get started from scratch with Webpack (frontend projects)

1. Follow Spago's "Super quick tutorial"
2. Initialise a JavaScript/npm project with npm init
3. Add Webpack and purescript-psa as development-time dependencies: npm install --save-dev webpack webpack-cli webpack-dev-server purescript-psa
4. >= v0.15.0

Install the HTML plugin for WebPack npm install --save-dev html-webpack-plugin.

<= v0.14.0

Install the PureScript loader and HTML plugin for WebPack npm install --save-dev purs-loader html-webpack-plugin. Note that you may require additional loaders for css/scss, image files, etc. Please refer to the Webpack documentation for more information.

5. Create an HTML file that will serve as the entry point for your application. Typically this is index.html. In your HTML file, be sure to pull in the bundle.js file, which will be Webpack's output. Here is an example HTML file:

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" data-framework="purescript">
<head>
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head>

<body>
  <div id="app"></div>
  <script src="./bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

6. Create a webpack.config.js file in the root of your project. Here is an example webpack configuration:

>= v0.15.0

import path from 'path'
import HtmlWebpackPlugin from 'html-webpack-plugin'
import webpack from 'webpack'
import { dirname } from 'path';
import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';

const __dirname = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
const isWebpackDevServer = process.argv.some(a => path.basename(a) === 'webpack-dev-server')
const isWatch = process.argv.some(a => a === '--watch')

const plugins =
  isWebpackDevServer || !isWatch ? [] : [
    function () {
      this.plugin('done', function (stats) {
        process.stderr.write(stats.toString('errors-only'))
      })
    }
  ]


export default {
  devtool: 'eval-source-map',
  mode: 'development',
  devServer: {
    port: 4008,
    static: {
      directory: path.resolve(__dirname,'dist'),
    },
  },

  entry: './index.js',

  output: {
    path: path.resolve(__dirname,'dist'),
    filename: 'bundle.js'
  },

  module: {
    rules: [
      {
        test: /\.(png|jpg|gif)$/i,
        use: [
          {
            loader: 'url-loader',
            options: {
              limit: 8192,
            },
          },
        ],
      },
    ]
  },

  resolve: {
    modules: ['node_modules'],
    extensions: ['.js']
  },

  plugins: [
    new webpack.LoaderOptionsPlugin({
      debug: true
    }),
    new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
      title: 'purescript-webpack-example',
      template: 'index.html',
      inject: false  // See stackoverflow.com/a/38292765/3067181
    })
  ].concat(plugins)
}

<= v0.14.0

'use strict';

const path = require('path');
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
const webpack = require('webpack');
const isWebpackDevServer = process.argv.some(a => path.basename(a) === 'webpack-dev-server');
const isWatch = process.argv.some(a => a === '--watch');

const plugins =
  isWebpackDevServer || !isWatch ? [] : [
    function(){
      this.plugin('done', function(stats){
        process.stderr.write(stats.toString('errors-only'));
      });
    }
  ]
;

module.exports = {
  devtool: 'eval-source-map',

  devServer: {
    contentBase: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
    port: 4008,
    stats: 'errors-only'
  },

  entry: './src/index.js',

  output: {
    path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
    filename: 'bundle.js'
  },

  module: {
    rules: [
      {
        test: /\.purs$/,
        use: [
          {
            loader: 'purs-loader',
            options: {
              src: [
                'src/**/*.purs'
              ],
              spago: true,
              watch: isWebpackDevServer || isWatch,
              pscIde: true
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        test: /\.(png|jpg|gif)$/i,
        use: [
          {
            loader: 'url-loader',
            options: {
              limit: 8192,
            },
          },
        ],
      },
    ]
  },

  resolve: {
    modules: [ 'node_modules' ],
    extensions: [ '.purs', '.js']
  },

  plugins: [
    new webpack.LoaderOptionsPlugin({
      debug: true
    }),
    new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
      title: 'purescript-webpack-example',
      template: 'index.html',
      inject: false  // See stackoverflow.com/a/38292765/3067181
    })
  ].concat(plugins)
};

7. Add a src/index.js: this file will import and execute the PureScript Main module, and serves as the entry point for the Webpack bundler.

You can also use this file to refer to environment variables which can then be passed to PureScript code. Please refer to the Webpack documentation on environment variable replacement during bundling. Here is an example index.js file:

>= v0.15.0

import { main } from '../output/Main/index'

main()
console.log('app starting');

<= v0.14.0

'use strict';

require('./Main.purs').main();

if (module.hot) {
  module.hot.accept();
}

console.log('app starting');

Also, make sure you are calling main properly if you are passing arguments (due to PureScript specifics of modelling effectful computations):

>= v0.15.0

var arg1 = 'arg1';
main(arg1)();

<= v0.14.0

var arg1 = 'arg1';
require('./Main.purs').main(arg1)();

8. Add the following development script to package.json:

>= v0.15.0

...
  "scripts": {
    ...,
    "webpack:server": "spago build -w & webpack-dev-server --progress --hot"
  },
...

<= v0.14.0

...
  "scripts": {
    ...,
    "webpack:server": "webpack-dev-server --progress --hot"
  },
...

9. At this point we should be able to run our program by calling npm run webpack:server. If you point your browser to localhost:4008 you should see 🍝 in the JavaScript development console. This means everything went alright!

10. For production builds, it is recommended to have separate scripts to build and serve. Please refer to the Webpack documentation for more information.

Get started from scratch with Nodemon (backend and/or CLI projects)

1. Follow Spago's "Super quick tutorial"
2. Initialise a JavaScript/npm project with npm init
3. Add Nodemon as a development-time dependency: npm install --save-dev nodemon
4. Add a JavaScript file which imports and calls the main function from the output of src/Main.purs.

This can be placed in the root directory of your project, and traditionally this file is named index.js.

The main function from Main.purs can accept arguments, and this is useful since the Node runtime will replace environment variables inside of JavaScript. It is recommended to read any environment variables in the JavaScript file and pass them as arguments to main.

Here is an example JavaScript file:

>= v0.15.0

import * as Main from './output/Main';

function main () {
    /*
    Here we could add variables such as

    var baseUrl = process.env.BASE_URL;

    Node will replace `process.env.BASE_URL`
    with the string contents of the BASE_URL environment
    variable at bundle/build time.

    These variables can be supplied to the Main.main function,
    however, you will need to change the type to accept variables, by default it is an Effect.
    You will probably want to make it a function from String -> Effect ()
  */

  Main.main();
}

<= v0.14.0

'use strict'

var Main = require('./output/Main');

function main () {
    /*
    Here we could add variables such as

    var baseUrl = process.env.BASE_URL;

    Node will replace `process.env.BASE_URL`
    with the string contents of the BASE_URL environment
    variable at bundle/build time.

    These variables can be supplied to the Main.main function,
    however, you will need to change the type to accept variables, by default it is an Effect.
    You will probably want to make it a function from String -> Effect ()
  */

  Main.main();
}

5. At this point we should be able to run our program by calling spago build followed by node index.js. If you see 🍝 as output then this was successful!
6. Now we want to enable Nodemon, which will watch for file changes in the dependency tree and reload our Node program every time there is a new change. We'll also tell Spago to watch our PureScript source files so that they are compiled, which in turn will trigger a Nodemon reload.

To configure this, add the following script to your package.json file:

..
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "spago build --watch & nodemon \"node index.js\"",
  },
...

7. You can now run your development environment by calling npm run dev

8. For a production build, add the following scripts to your package.json:

...
  "scripts": {
    "build": "spago build && node index.js"
  },
...

9. To run a production build, you can now run npm run build!

For publishing CLI programs or NPM modules, please refer to the relevant npm documentation.

Please note that if you are publishing a Node module for consumption by JavaScript users, it is recommended that you pre-compile your PureScript project before distributing it.

Generate documentation for my project

To build documentation for your project and its dependencies (i.e. a "project-local Pursuit"), you can use the docs command:

$ spago docs

This will generate all the documentation in the ./generated-docs folder of your project. You might then want to open the index.html file in there.

If you wish for the documentation to be opened in browser when generated, you can pass an open flag:

$ spago docs --open

To build the documentation as Markdown instead of HTML, or to generate tags for your project, you can pass a format flag:

$ spago docs --format ctags

Get source maps for my project

Quoting from this tweet:

1. build with --purs-args "-g sourcemaps"
2. source output (like var someModule = require('./output/Whatever/index.js');) and use something like parcel, to avoid mangling/destroying the sourcemaps
3. now you can see your breakpoints in action

Note: In >= v0.15.0 this needs to be import * as someModule from './output/Whatever/index.js'

Use alternate backends to compile to Go, C++, Kotlin, etc

Spago supports compiling with alternate purescript backends like psgo or pskt. To use an alternate backend, add the backend option to your spago.dhall file:

{ name = "aaa"
, backend = "psgo"
...

The value of the backend entry should be the name of the backend executable.

Publish my library

If you wish to develop a library with spago you can definitely do so, and use it to manage and build your project, until you need to "publish" your library, where you'll need to use pulp.

Before you start you need to have instaled pulp and bower, both of these can be installed using npm

You also need to add some keys to your spago.dhall file:

• The first one is license it need to be a valid SPDX license.
• You also need to add a repository key that references the location of the project repository here is a example

{ name = "my-first-package"
, dependencies =
  [ "console", "prelude", "psci-support" ]
, packages = ./packages.dhall
, sources = [ "src/**/*.purs", "test/**/*.purs" ]
, license = "MIT"
, repository = "https://github.com/me/purescript-my-first-project"
}

This will generate a correct bower.json file which will be used by pulp later.

When you decide you want to publish your library for others to use, you should:

• run spago bump-version --no-dry-run <BUMP>. This will generate a bower.json in a new commit in Git that is tagged with the version.
• run pulp login. This will ensure that you are logged in befor you try to publish a package
• run pulp publish. This will ensure the package is registered in Bower, push the version tag to Git and upload documentation to Pursuit.
• create a PR to add your package to https://github.com/purescript/registry/blob/master/new-packages.json

The PureScript ecosystem uses the Bower registry as a "unique names registry". So in order to "publish" a package one needs to add it there, and eventually to package-sets. Consequentially, package-sets requires (full instructions here) that packages in it:

• are in the Bower registry
• use spago bump-version or pulp version (because this gives versions with vX.Y.Z)
• use pulp publish (so it's available on the Bower registry and on Pursuit)

All of this will be automated in future versions, removing the need for Pulp.

A library published in this way is purescript-rave.

Get all the licenses of my dependencies

For compliance reasons, you might need to fetch all the LICENSE files of your dependencies.

To do this you can exploit the ls deps command.

E.g. if you want to print out all the LICENSE files of your direct dependencies:

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# Note: the `awk` part is to cut out only the package name
for dep in $(spago ls deps | awk '{print $1}')
do
  cat $(find ".spago/${dep}" -iname 'LICENSE')
done

Know which purs commands are run under the hood

The -v flag will print out all the purs commands that spago invokes during its operations, plus a lot of diagnostic info, so you might want to use it to troubleshoot weird behaviours and/or crashes.

Install autocompletions for bash

You can just add this to your .bashrc:

source <(spago --bash-completion-script `which spago`)

or alternatively if you don't want to edit your ~/.bashrc:

spago --bash-completion-script $(which spago) >> ~/.bash_completion

Install autocompletions for zsh

Autocompletions for zsh need to be somewhere in the fpath - you can see the folders included in your by running echo $fpath.

You can also make a new folder - e.g. ~/.my-completions - and add it to the fpath by just adding this to your ~/.zshrc:

fpath=(~/.my-completions $fpath)

Then you can obtain the completion definition for zsh and put it in a file called _spago (yes it needs to be called like that):

spago --zsh-completion-script $(which spago) > ~/.my-completions/_spago

Then, reload completions with:

compinit

Note: you might need to call this multiple times for it to work.

Ignore or update the global cache

There is a global cache that spago uses to avoid re-downloading things - its location will be printed if you call e.g. spago install -v.

It's possible to change the behaviour of the global cache with the --global-cache flag that is accepted by many commands. You can either:

• skip the cache with --global-cache=skip: in this case the global cache will be ignored and the local project will re-download everything
• update the cache to the latest version with --global-cache=update: this might be useful if you want to globally cache a tag or commit that is newer than 24h - the time spago will wait before updating its metadata file about "which things are globally cacheable".

Know the output path for my compiled code

As there are now various factors that can affect the output path of compiled code, run spago path output along with any flags you would pass to spago build (like --purs-args) to return the output path Spago is using. This can be useful for sharing an output folder with webpack, for instance.

Explanations

Visual Overview: What happens when you do 'spago build'?

Configuration file format

It's indeed useful to know what's the format (or more precisely, the Dhall type) of the files that spago expects. Let's define them in Dhall:

-- The basic building block is a Package:
let Package =
  { dependencies : List Text  -- the list of dependencies of the Package
  , repo = Text               -- the address of the git repo the Package is at
  , version = Text            -- git tag, branch, or commit hash
  }

-- The type of `packages.dhall` is a Record from a PackageName to a Package
-- We're kind of stretching Dhall syntax here when defining this, but let's
-- say that its type is something like this:
let PackageSet =
  { console : Package
  , effect : Package
  ...                  -- and so on, for all the packages in the package-set
  }

-- The type of the `spago.dhall` configuration is then the following:
let Config =
  { name : Text                   -- the name of our project
  , dependencies : List Text      -- the list of dependencies of our app
  , backend : Maybe Text          -- Nothing by default, meaning use purs. If specified, spago will use the executable as the backend
  , sources : List Text           -- the list of globs for the paths to always include in the build
  , packages : PackageSet         -- this is the type we just defined above
  }

Why can't spago also install my npm dependencies?

A common scenario is that you'd like to use things like react-basic, or want to depend on JS libraries like ThreeJS. In any case, you end up depending on some NPM package.

And it would be really nice if spago would take care of installing all of these dependencies, so we don't have to worry about running npm besides it, right?

While these scenarios are common, they are also really hard to support. In fact, it might be that a certain NPM package in your transitive dependencies would only support the browser, or only node. Should spago warn about that? And if yes, where should we get all of this info?

Another big problem is that the JS backend is not the only backend around. For example, PureScript has a C backend and an Erlang backend among the others.

These backends are going to use different package managers for their native dependencies, and while it's feasible for spago to support the backends themselves, also supporting all the possible native package managers (and doing things like building package-sets for their dependencies' versions) is not a scalable approach (though we might do this in the future if there's enough demand).

So this is the reason why if you or one of your dependencies need to depend on some "native" packages, you should run the appropriate package-manager for that (e.g. npm).

For examples on how to do it, see next section.

Why we don't resolve JS dependencies when bundling, and how to do it

spago only takes care of PureScript land. In particular, bundle-module will do the most we can do on the PureScript side of things (dead code elimination), but will leave the requires still in.

To fill them in you should use the proper js tool of the day, at the time of writing ParcelJS looks like a good option.

If you wish to see an example of a project building with spago + parcel, a simple starting point is the TodoMVC app with react-basic. You can see in its package.json that a "production build" is just spago build && parcel build index.html.

If you open its index.js you'll see that it does a require('./output/Todo.App'): the files in output are generated by spago build, and then the parcel build resolves all the requires and bundles all these js files in.

Though this is not the only way to include the built js - for a slimmer build or for importing some PureScript component in another js build we might want to use the output of bundle-module.

For an example of this in a "production setting" you can take a look at affresco. It is a PureScript monorepo of React-based components and apps.

The gist of it is that the PureScript apps in the repo are built with spago build (look in the package.json for it), but all the React components can be imported from JS apps as well, given that proper modules are built out of the PS sources.

This is where spago bundle-module is used: the build-purs.rb builds a bundle out of every single React component in each component's folder - e.g. let's say we bundle-module from the ksf-login component and output it in the index.js of the component's folder; we can then yarn install the single component (note it contains a package.json), and require it as a separate npm package with require('@affresco/ksf-login').

How does the "global cache" work?

Every time spago will need to "install dependencies" it will:

• check if the package is local to the filesystem: if it is then it will skip it as we can just point to the files

• check if the ref is already in the global cache. If it is, it will just copy it to the project-local cache

• download a metadata file from the package-sets-metadata repo if missing from the global cache or older than 24 hours.

  This file contains the list of tags and commits for every package currently in the package set, updated hourly.

• check if the tag or commit of the package we need to download is in this cached index, and if it is then this means we can "globally cache" that version - this is because commit hashes are immutable, and tags are "immutable enough"

• if a version is deemed to be "globally cacheable" then a tarball of that ref is downloaded from GitHub and copied to both the global and the local cache

• otherwise, the repo is just cloned to the local cache

Note: a question that might come up while reading the above might be "why not just hit GitHub to check commits and tags for every repo while installing?"

The problem is that GitHub limits token-less API requests to 50 per hour, so any decently-sized installation will fail to get all the "cacheable" items, making the global cache kind of useless. So we are just caching all of that info for everyone here.

Troubleshooting

Spago is failing with some errors about "too many open files"

This might happen because the limit of "open files per process" is too low in your OS - as spago will try to fetch all dependencies in parallel, and this requires lots of file operations.

You can limit the number of concurrent operations with the -j flag, e.g.:

$ spago -j 10 install

To get a ballpark value for the j flag you can take the result of the ulimit -n command (which gives you the current limit), and divide it by four.

Package set caching problems

If you encounter any issues with the hashes for the package-set (e.g. the hash is not deemed correct by spago), then you can have the hashes recomputed by running the freeze command:

$ spago freeze

However, this is a pretty rare situation and in principle it should not happen, and when it happens it might not be secure to run the above command.

To understand all the implications of this I'd invite you to read about the safety guarantees that Dhall offers.

I added a new package to the packages.dhall, but spago is not installing it. Why?

Adding a package to the package-set just includes it in the set of possible packages you can depend on. However, if you wish spago to install it you should then add it to the dependencies list in your spago.dhall.